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Former secretary of defense Leon Panetta once described cyber warfare as “the most serious threat in the twenty-first century,” capable of destroying our entire infrastructure and crippling the nation.
Already, major cyber attacks have affected countries around the world: Estonia in 2007, Georgia in 2008, Iran in 2010, and most recently the United States. As with other methods of war, cyber technology can be used not only against military forces and facilities but also against civilian targets. Information technology has enabled a new method of warfare that is proving extremely difficult to combat, let alone defeat.
And yet cyber warfare is still in its infancy, with innumerable possibilities and contingencies for how such conflicts may play out in the coming decades. Brian M. Mazanec examines the worldwide development of constraining norms for cyber war and predicts how those norms will unfold in the future. Employing case studies of other emerging-technology weapons—chemical and biological, strategic bombing, and nuclear weaponry—Mazanec expands previous understandings of norm-evolution theory, offering recommendations for U.S. policymakers and citizens alike as they grapple with the reality of cyber terrorism in our own backyard.
- Sales Rank: #532288 in Books
- Published on: 2015-11-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.30" h x 1.12" w x 6.23" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 352 pages
Review
"Mazanec certainly has the credentials and background to examine this topic. . . . Well written from start to finish."—Lt. Col. George Hodge, Military Review (Lt. Col. George Hodge Military Review)
“Will norms evolve for cyber warfare analogous to those . . . that have helped keep the world free from the use of nuclear weapons since 1945? This thoughtful and careful work parses this hugely important question with care and creativity. Bravo.”—R. James Woolsey, former director of the Central Intelligence Agency and chairman of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies (R. James Woolsey 2015-03-18)
“Dr. Mazanec’s pioneering work on cyber norms fills a void in the nascent canon of cyber-conflict knowledge and sets a path forward for further research. Informative and instructive for today’s policymakers.”—Bob Gourley, former chief technology officer of the Defense Intelligence Agency and the first director of intelligence at the Joint Task Force on Computer Network Defense (Bob Gourley 2015-03-18)
“Brian Mazanec has produced a stellar work by creating a set of norms and then applying them across different evolutions of weapons platforms.”—Jeffrey Carr, CEO of cyber security firm Taia Global, Inc., and author of Inside Cyber Warfare: Mapping the Cyber Underworld (Jeffrey Carr 2015-03-18)
“The Evolution of Cyber War�is a significant contribution to the required canon for anyone interested in understanding this new prospective weapon of mass destruction.”—Keith Payne, former deputy assistant secretary of defense for Forces Policy and current president of the National Institute for Public Policy (Keith Payne 2015-03-18)
About the Author
Brian M. Mazanec is an assistant director for defense capabilities and management with the U.S. government and an adjunct professor in the School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs at George Mason University. He is the coauthor of Deterring Cyber Warfare: Bolstering Strategic Stability in Cyberspace, and his work has appeared in Strategic Studies Quarterly, the National Cybersecurity Institute Journal, Comparative Strategy, Politics and the Life Sciences, and the Journal of International Security Affairs.
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent Book to Understand How Cyber Warfare May Be Constrained
By Bradley Thayer
This is an exceptional study and is important to read whether one is new to cyber warfare or an expert. Mazanec illuminates how norms for cyber warfare are developing and will continue to do so in the future. This, in turn, will help policy-makers grasp how constraining norms may be generated. The work is a bold and rich theoretical contribution. The case studies of norm development, in chemical and biological weapons, strategic bombing, and with nuclear weapons, are detailed and careful analyses that allow Mazanec to test his argument. The book includes a helpful appendix on the background of cyber warfare--definitional issues, as well as historical cases. While fully cognisant of the difficulties states face in controlling cyber warfare, Mazanec's study yields thoughtful, careful, and well-reasoned recommendations. This is one of the most important contributions to the cyber warfare literature and deserves to be widely read.
1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Mixed
By Autamme_dot_com
Cyber warfare is one of those best-kept little secrets of modern day militaries. Military might is no longer measured by just the number of military personnel you have on your side, or whether you have nuclear weapons. Our societies are under threat and can be paralysed by a relatively small group of people in a far off land, armed only with a keyboard, a connection to the outside world and a lot of skill.
The same cyber warfare specialists can, in peacetime, be gathering information about their possible enemies, working on destruction strategies as well as harvesting economically useful material.
This book takes a rather dry, academic look at the present day thinking about cyber warfare. Unfortunately the style and approach mean that it is going to restrict its appeal to a general audience. Even a switched-on academic who wants to consume this stuff might need a few cups of strong coffee to keep alert. The author examines the growing development of cyber warfare and tries to predict where this may lead to in the future, mixing in traditional military thinking, international legal treaties and research.
It was interesting to compare current day thinking and political rhetoric to the acts and behaviours of various governments in the past. Why, for example, did the United States talk a lot about banning the use of chemical weapons yet was very late to the party when it came to ratifying an international treaty banning it? Of course, it still holds stocks; apparently renewed and refreshed from time-to-time – just in case. Other important international treaties have had Uncle Sam talking a good talk, but being a little shy when it comes to putting his signature on to paper.
It took a very long time to get to the actual cyber warfare part of the book. Some of the preceding historical references were interesting, but effectively secondary to the book’s core and overall it left the reader fairly ambivalent to the whole thing. If you have a specific, focussed need it is possible that the book can deliver, but it is far from being something that a generalist, curious reader would be advised to look at.
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Very Theoretical-Reads Somewhat Like a State Department White Paper
By Andy in Washington
Perhaps the fairest way to review this book is to state my own limitations. I am terrible with “theoretical constructs”, not a fan of “big theories of government”, and more the engineer than the sociologist. So perhaps this book and I were never going to be friends.
Before you even crack the spine of this book, make sure you understand what “norms” are when applied to foreign relations. If I understand them correctly, they are the written and unwritten rules about what is acceptable behavior as a resident of the planet. Strategic bombers are allowed, poison gas is not and nuclear weapons are allowed, as long as you don’t use them.
The norms are fluid, and have changed over time as technology changes. For example, undefended cities used to be immune from attack by invading armies. However, that changed as cities industrialized and supplied the arsenals of belligerents. Under the norms of today, cities are much more vulnerable to attack, but only by certain weapons.
The theory is much more than I have described, and I am sure in the right hands, it is a valuable tool for analyzing and developing foreign policy and rules-of-engagement.
=== The Good Stuff ===
* Brian Mazanec has certainly thought about this topic, and he presents a case for how to evaluate cyber-warfare in accordance with current norms. I am not sure I can summarize the depths of the author’s arguments, but suffice it to say that cyber warfare requires you to think clearly about what is and is not “fair game” for attack. Is bombing a hospital any less humane that crashing the electricity grid that supplies it?
* This certainly not my area of expertise, but Mazanec seems to have performed a very comprehensive and thorough analysis of how to apply norms to cyber warfare. As he freely admits, much of this may be somewhat premature, since it is not clear what “cyber warfare” really means, or will mean as we continue to computerize and interconnect our world.
=== The Not-So-Good Stuff ===
* This is a very theoretical book. It deals with theories of warfare, not the actual details, and there are no technical discussions of cyber warfare. The book is written in an “academic” style, meaning long sentences, long paragraphs, and in general just a tough read, especially if you are used to popular non-fiction.
* I spent more time arguing with the book than reading it. I will be the first to agree that I probably do not understand the value of “norms”, but I just don’t find the concept applicable to warfare in general, and cyber warfare in particular. Pick any norm of modern international relations, and somewhere they have been violated. Saddam Hussein didn’t think twice about launching poison gas. When confronted with the thought of hundreds of thousands of invasion casualties, the US dropped an atomic weapon on a city. To me, norms seem to be a theoretical construct that any nation will break if needed for survival.
But even worse, cyber-warfare appeals to the asymmetric war crowd. What are the norms of someone who believes that his god has told him to wipe out the civilization of anyone who disagrees with him?
=== Summary ===
I found myself rejecting the whole premise of the book, although I am more than willing to admit I might just not understand it. Personally, I believe the biggest risks from cyber warfare, or any unconventional warfare, are from those groups who either have no norms, or have norms that are so foreign to me as to be no-existent.
The book was a tough read, but it did give me some insight into how policy makers evaluate other nations and assess risks from them. It would be an excellent discussion when applied to topics such as nuclear weapons, land-mines and other assorted horrors of modern warfare.
=== Disclaimer ===
I was able to read an advance copy of the book through the courtesy of the publisher and NetGalley.
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